![]() Previously, Mueller and Thanasuan (2014) we proposed a model of the basic memory search processes involved in solving individual crossword clues, and suggest that the joint access and constraint provided by cues in crossword puzzles make it similar to expert decision making in many domains.įor many of the same reasons that make them engaging puzzles for humans, crossword puzzles also pose an interesting problem for Artificial Intelligence (AI) systems, as solving them requires using many of the fundamental aspects of modern AI: search, heuristics, constraint satisfaction, knowledge representation, optimization, and data mining. Furthermore, other processes central to traditional AI models (error correction and backtracking) appear to be of less importance for human players.Ĭrossword puzzles were first introduced in 1913, and have become both a popular pastime, mental training aid, and a domain of study for psychological researchers (e.g., Nickerson, 2011), who have long acknowledged the role of memory access in puzzle solving. Results reveal that expert crossword solving relies heavily on fluent semantic memory search and retrieval, which appear to allow experts to take better advantage of orthographic-route solutions, and experts employ strategies that enable them to use orthographic information. We compare our models to human expert and novice solvers to investigate how different strategic and structural factors in crossword play impact overall performance. In this paper, we developed an computational model of crossword solving that incorporates strategic and other factors, and is capable of solving crossword puzzles in a human-like fashion, in order to understand the complete set of skills needed to solve a crossword puzzle. Mueller and Thanasuan (2013) proposed a model accounting for the simple memory access processes involved in solving individual crossword clues, but expert solvers also bring additional skills and strategies to bear on solving complete puzzles. The skills required to solve crossword puzzles involve two important aspects of lexical memory: semantic information in the form of clues that indicate the meaning of the answer, and orthographic patterns that constrain the possibilities but may also provide hints to possible answers. Department of Cognitive and Learning Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI, USA.The Table of Votes of our online poll creator can be used for other purposes like for example as a registration form. For small groups of known people the Table of Votes is another alternative where the name of the participants and their selection are visible to anyone. For an extra security you can turn on the option to require to log-in with a social network so that it is only permitted one vote per account. In Ferendum we use multiple and simultaneous techniques to ensure that no one votes more than once. With our online poll maker you can create an anonymous poll about anything like for example an election of the president of an association. In addition to a link to the poll/ survey page we also provide a simple HTML code that can be inserted in any web page to embed a survey. You can use the Anonymous Polls of Ferendum to make an online survey and share it in the social networks, in forums or blogs.įerendum is perfect for polls in WhatsApp, Messenger, Line, Telegram, by SMS or e-mail etc. One single survey to share in: Twitter, Facebook, Youtube etc … Each participant will chose his/her preferred choice. You can use our free online voting tool not only to schedule dates but also for example to chose a restaurant to go in a group or the activity to do in a hang out. ![]() You only have to share the poll link by e-mail, social networks, WhatsApp, Line or by any other means.ĭecide a place or the activity in an event The participants can indicate in a non-anonymous way all the days that they are available for the event in order to find out quickly the most convenient day for everybody. You can use the Tables of Votes of Ferendum to schedule a meeting, diner or any event. Very useful also to plan and schedule events (for example the date or place of an event). Online surveys and quick straw polls to share in WhatsApp, Messenger, Twitter, Facebook, e-mail or to embed in webs or blogs. Much more than a free online polls and surveys system without registration.įerendum is a free online voting system and poll maker.
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